Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening and Mammograms

Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening and Mammograms Abstract The mammography screening recommendations have been ambiguous and disagree with suggesting institute to institute.   Thus, it is up to women to make choices about mammogram inspection based on their personal health beliefs.   This paper explores 6 published articles that report results from various research conducted on women with an average risk of breast cancer. These studies examined the connection between observed benefits and alleged barriers to mammography and compliance with mammography screening in women age 40 and older and among minorities.   It also discusses the latest findings and guidelines according to the American Cancer Society.   Other articles discuss their reviews to support mammogram screening for women under 50, a systemic review of the benefits and harms of breast cancer screening and factors that influence breast cancer screening in Asian countries. Introduction Currently, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and one of the chief causes of death worldwide. (Oeffinger,Fontham, Etzioni, et al.)   According to the American Cancer Society 2015, it is the leading contributor to cancer mortality in women aged 40 to 55.   Several risk factors increase the likelihood of the disease occurring.   These factors include: (1) aging, (2) personal history of breast cancer, (3) family history of breast cancer, (4) history of benign breast disease, (5) menarche younger than 12 years, (6) nulliparous, or a first child after age 30, (7) higher education or socioeconomic level, (8) obesity and/or high fats diets, (9) menopause after age 50, (10) lengthy exposure to cyclic estrogen and (11) environment exposure (American Cancer Society, 2015).   The cause of breast cancer is still unspecified, yet these risk factors are known to play a part in the risk of developing this disease.   Essentially all women can be considered at risk.   No successful cure or preventative methods exist, and early recognition offers the best opportunity for decreasing morbidity and mortality. Literature Review The first article that I reviewed is titled â€Å"Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening, A Systemic Review†.   According to Myers, et al., mortality from breast cancer has declined substantially since the 1970’s, a drop attributable to both the accessibility of screening methods, particularly mammography, and better-quality treatment of more advanced cancer.   This literature pointed out that, although there has been stable evidence that screening with mammography reduces breast cancer mortality, there are a number of possible harms, including false-positive results, which result in both needless biopsies and added distress and anxiety associated to the potential diagnosis of cancer.   In addition, screening may lead to over diagnosis of cancers that may not have become life-threatening.   With their investigation in the meta-analyses of RTCs (randomized clinical trials) that stratified by age, screening women younger than 50 years was constantly associated with a statistically significant reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 15% while screening women 50 years or older was linked with slightly greater mortality reduction (14-23%).   In general, based on their research, they have concluded that â€Å"regular screening with mammography in women 40 years or older at average risk of breast cancer reduces breast cancer mortality over at least 13 years of follow-up, but there is uncertainty about the magnitude of this association, particularly in the context of current practice in the United States.† In summary, this review concluded that among women of all ages at average risk of breast cancer, screening was related with a reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 20%, although there was ambiguity about quantitative estimates of the association of different breast cancer screening strategies in the United States.   These findings and the related uncertainty should be considered when making suggestions based on judgments about the balance of benefits and harms of breast cancer screening. (Myers et al. 2015). Mammography can pinpoint tumors too small to be detected by palpitation of the breast by the woman or her health care provider.   Early detection of breast cancer in women improves the possibility of successful treatment and thus cuts morbidity and mortality from the disease (American Cancer Society, 2015).   Yet, there still exists an observable lack of compliance with the recommended screening guidelines.   According to an article in the Journal of the American College of Radiology by Monticciolo, et al. (2015), they pointed out that previous to the presentation of widespread mammographic screening in the mid-1980s, the mortality rate from breast cancer in the US had stayed unaffected for more than 4 decades.   From 1990, the fatality rate has fallen by at least 38%.   Considerably, this change is recognized to prompt detection with mammography.   In this next article, Miranda-Diaz, et al. (2016) studied the Hispanics Puerto Rican subjects, inner-city women and determinants of breast cancer screening and suggested that women with low incomes and education were less likely to partake in mammography.   Lack of submission of breast cancer screening tests is more prevalent among minorities.   They added that Hispanic women are less likely to receive a Physician’s recommendation for breast cancer screening, therefore, it was the primary reason for not doing a mammogram.   Other barriers for lack of compliance among Hispanic women and Latinas living in California are lack of health insurance, age, usual source of care, having a busy schedule, fear, cost and feeling uncomfortable during the procedure. In conclusion, the authors of this article did a study that was limited by the small sample size and may not be generalizable to the entire population of the island. In order to improve compliance as well as educating health care providers about the importance of referral, a tailored health education interventions directed to describe the nature and benefit of cancer screening test needed to be put in place. Similarly, another article stated that early detection of breast cancer, while the tumor is still small and localized, provides the opportunity for the most effective treatment. (Mandelblatt, Armetta, Yabroff, et al.) According to the American Cancer Society 2015, detection guidelines recommended that women with an average risk of breast cancer should undergo regular screening mammography starting at age 45 years.   Women aged 45- 54 years should be inspected annually and women 55 years and older should changeover to biennial screening or have the opportunity to begin annual screening between the ages of 40 and 44 years.   The suggested outcome of the guideline would result in earlier detection because breast cancers found by mammography in women in their forties are smaller and more treatable than those found by self-breast exam or clinical breast exam.   Consequently, earlier detection by mammography could save lives. According to an article by Kathy Boltz, Ph.D. (2013), amid the 609 definite breast cancer deaths, 29% were including women who had been screened with mammography, while 71% were among unscreened women.   In tally, her investigation found that of all breast cancer deaths, only 13% happened in women aged 70 years or older, but 50% occurred in women under 50 years old. Her studies were done to support mammogram screening for women under age 50.   In the meantime, Dr. Cady, MD, Professor of Surgery of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and his teammates set out to deliver complete information on the value of mammography screening through a technique called â€Å"failure analysis†.   Such evaluations look backward from the time of death to determine the connections at diagnosis, rather than looking forward from the start of a study.   Only one other failure analysis related to cancer has been published to date.   In this evaluation, invasive breast cancers analyzed at Partners HealthCare hospitals in Boston between 1990 and 1999 were followed through 2007.   Facts for the study comprised demographics, mammography use, surgical and pathology reports, and recurrence and death dates.   The article also stated that the study showed a dramatic shift in survival from breast cancer associated with the introduction of screening.   In 1969, half of the women diagnosed with breast cancer had died by 12.5 years after diagnosis.   Between the women with aggressive breast cancer in this review who were spotted between 1990 and 1999, only 9.3% had expired.   â€Å"This is a remarkable achievement, and the fact that 71% of the women who died were women who were not participating in screening clearly supports the importance of early detection,† said co-author Daniel Kopans, MD, also of Harvard Medical School. The study of the â€Å"perception of breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness† was studied by Black, Nease, & Tosteson (1995).   The purpose of the study was to determine how women 40-50 years of age perceive their risk of breast cancer and the effectiveness of screening and how these perceptions compare with estimates derived from epidemiologic studies of breast cancer incidence and randomized clinical trials of screening. A random sample of 200 women, age 40-50 years old who had no history of breast cancer was chosen through the computerized medical records of Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.   Thirty-nine percent had an annual family income of $50,000 to $100,000, and 62% had at least a college education.   The subjects received the questionnaire in the mail which asked questions pertaining to breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness.   Seventy-three percent responded with a complete questionnaire.   The results showed that the women overestimated their probability of dying of breast cancer within ten years by more than twenty times.   When asked about their relative risk reduction from breast cancer screening, they overestimated by six times.   These results are based on assuming a 10% relative risk reduction from cancer screening.   Eighty-eight percent of the subjects agreed that the benefits to screening mammography outweighed the barriers.   The generalizability of this study is very limited because of this population is better educated and of higher income than the general U.S. population of women of the same age range.   Also, the subjects’ breast cancer risk was not precisely known, and the effectiveness of modern screening mammography is unknown.   The limitations also include the questionnaire which has not been previously tested.    The last article is a literature review of â€Å"factors influencing breast cancer screening in Asian countries.†Ã‚   Studies done by Ahmadian and Samah (2012), found that breast cancer arises in the younger age group of Asian women, 40 to 49 years old compared to the other Western counterparts, where the peak prevalence is realized between 50 to 59 years.   According to multiple sources and authors, in Singapore, Malaysia, Iran, Thailand, Pakistan, and Arab women in Palestine, more than half of new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women below the age of 50 years and in advanced stages III or IV.     Schwartz et al. (2008), discovered that breast cancer screening activities among Asian women living in their native country are low and mammography screening in Middle Eastern countries are also low.   Analyses of the information have shown that only 23% of Turkish people testified having at least one mammogram.   Fewer women about 10.3% in the United Arab Emirates had mammography, which was attributed to poor knowledge of breast cancer screening and infrequent offering of screening by healthcare workers (Schwartz et al., 2008)   In conclusion of this article, the authors stated that in order to improve women’s participation in breast cancer prevention programs/ screenings, especially among the at-risk subgroup, the intervention strategies should be tailored to their knowledge and socio-demographic factor.   The approaches accepted should also take into account the women’s emotional and ethnic matters in order to support lifelong mammography screening practice for Asian people which is based on hypothetical interventions. In addition, healthcare professionals working with Asian women should cautiously tackle the misapprehensions such as worry about mammogram devices and fatalism. (Ahmadian & Samah, 2012) Conclusion In summary, after reading and reviewing the 6 related articles pertaining to breast cancer and mammogram screening for women under 50, I have concluded that there are both pros and cons, benefits and harms, perceived benefits and alleged barriers, and compliance factors that affect women worldwide. Breast cancer has claimed millions of lives throughout the world and women should be encouraged to be mindful of and to consider their family history and medical history with a physician to determine if early detection is a warrant.   If the woman has an average risk of developing breast cancer, the American Cancer Society supports a discussion of screening around the age of 40 years.   According to the guideline, ACS recommends that women be provided with information about risk factors, risk reduction, and the benefits, limitations, and harms associated with mammography screening.   While it is recognized that there is a balance of risks and benefits to the mammogram, women should be provided with guidance so that they can make the best choice about when to start and stop screening and how frequently to be screened for breast cancer.   So, if you or your loved ones have an average risk of breast cancer and over 40 years old, would you prefer to have a checkup once a year or once every two years?   This is rather a personal choice but with early detection, the benefit of mammogram will prove to outweigh the risk and could possibly save your life. References Ahmadian, M and Samah, A.(2012) A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening in Asian Countries.Life Sci J 2012;9(2):585-594.   (ISSN: 1097-8135).   http://www.lifesciencesite.com.   Accessed January 16, 2018 Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis (version 1.2015).   National Comprehensive Cancer Network. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/breast-screening.pdfAccessed January 16, 2018. Mandelblatt, JS, Cronin, KA, Bailey, S, et al. (2009) Breast Cancer Working Group of Cancer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network.   Effects of mammography screening under different screening schedules: model estimates of potential benefits and harms. Ann Intern. Med. 2009;15(10):738-747. Mandeltblatt, JS, Armatta, C, Yabroff, R, Liang, W, Lawrence, W. (2004) Descriptive Review of the Literature on Breast Cancer Outcomes: 1990 Through 2000. JNCI Monographs, Volume 2004, Issue 33, 1 October 2004, Pages 8-44. https://academic.oup.com/jncimono/article/2004/33/8/933605Accessed January 17, 2018. Oeffinger, KC, Fontham, ETH, Etzioni, R, et al. (2015). Breast Cancer Screening for Women at average risk: 2015 Guideline Update from the American Cancer Society. Jama.2015. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12783. https://provimaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/JAMA-Network-_-JAMA-_-Breast-Cancer-Screening-for-Women-at-Average-Risk_-20.pdfAccessed January 17, 2018. Schwartz, LM, Woloshin, S, Sox, HC, Fischloff, B, Welch, HG.(2000) US Women’s Attitudes to False Positive Mammography Results and Detection of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ:   Cross Sectional Survey. BMJ. 2000;320 (7250): 1635-1640. http://www.bmj.com/content/320/7250/1635.Accessed January 20, 2018

Organizational Behavior – Eden Mccallum

1. If you were a partner at Eden McCallum what would you do – grow or cut? If I were a partner at Eden McCallum I would cut. Eden McCallum was started during a great time where they had a smooth market entry and a keen business strategy. While their business strategy is still working to their advantage, poor market conditions continue to exist and many of the firm’s clients are starting to feel the economic pressure. The firm has already â€Å"faced increasing demands to cut fees. [ (Gardener & Eccles, 2009) ] This fact, coupled with the consultant’s fear of lack of security, indicates that Eden McCallum should consider making organizational changes that would support the concerns of both parties. According to the firm’s corporate vision on value, clients come first and consultants come second. [ (Gardener & Eccles, 2009) ] Eden McCallum should make sure that they stay in line with their corporate vision when making considerations to cut. They should focu s on cutting as many areas that do not directly affect the client and the consultant. I would recommend that they cut the part-time employees and the new staff members to start since it takes one to two years to learn the business. Another value of their corporate vision is to focus on the long term, and the short term will take care of itself. [ (Gardener & Eccles, 2009) ] Focusing on the long term for Eden McCallum would include keeping the Amsterdam office knowing that it â€Å"is on the cusp of breaking even† and knowing that if they did not they would be losing credibility within the market. (Gardener & Eccles, 2009) ] However, I believe that long term goals could hurt short term profits which will, in turn, hurt long term profits. According to the growth figures provided, Eden McCallum should look at reducing overhead; and limiting the number of partners to reduce salaries paid. 2. At the outset of the case, Advisory Board Member, Robert Harris, said, â€Å"One rarely regrets cutting too early or too deep. † Do you agree with Harris? Why or why not ? One rarely regrets cutting too early or too deep† is interpreted as the â€Å"better safe than sorry† approach. I agree with Harris under the circumstances presented to us in this case that it would be better to play it safe with the financials of the company becoming fragile. The goal of the firm should be to minimize loss. In an uncertain marketplace where factors such as the possibility of a double-dip recession, the partners should consider making cuts sooner than later and in more depth to minimize the sting. To make cutbacks sooner may be resisted by some partners, however, Harris’ point is that the company wouldn’t regret it because it did what was best for the company at that time. 3. Was the organizational structure at Eden McCallum appropriate? Do economic conditions factor into your answer? The organizational structure of Eden McCallum is appropriate for the size and type of organization it represented. Eden McCallum is a functional organization with its environmental change viewed as stable and its complexity as simple. Should environmental change be necessary, the simplicity of its structure will allow for a smoother implementation of the change. Its structure includes professional bureaucracy as clients have specialized needs and consultants offered specialized solutions due to the knowledge-based nature of their work. Eden McCallum has a cellular organizational form in that it the company itself is serves as a coordinator of the relationships between the clients and the business professionals known as consultants. Economic conditions are a factor because it could cause an organization to restructure itself as the supply and demand of the industry changes. Bibliography Gardener, H. K. , & Eccles, R. G. (2009). Eden McCallum: A Network-Based Consulting Firm (A). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.

University of Connecticut Information Security Policy...

University of Connecticut Information Security Policy According to the University of Connecticut, they developed this information security manual to protect everything from the availability, data integrity, and the use of the University’s resources. Even though this policy applies to all students, faculty, and staff its primary purpose is towards the Data Stewards, who are people that are in charge of maintaining access to data and IT resources. Violation of this Security Policy may result in disciplinary action according to local, state, and federal laws, as well as university laws and by-laws. (Information Security Office, 2012) The University of Connecticut Information Security Policy covers ten policies and related procedures which†¦show more content†¦Public data is data that is allowed to be viewed by everyone. 5. The confidential data part of the policy is written to set out guidelines on how to store, encrypt, and dispose of confidential data. 6. The risk management part of the policy is written to ensure that there is a correct procedure on how to maintain a risk assessment and when to. 7. Security awareness training is written into the universities policy to ensure that information security training is giving to anyone who needs to access confidential data. 8. Incident response is written as a policy to ensure correct handling of an incident such as lost or stolen technology resources and gives the appropriate procedures on what to do if an incident happens. 9. The business continuity disaster recovery is written into the policy to ensure each department knows and has a plan in case of an unexpected event such as a fire, vandalism, and natural disaster that would disrupt normal business. This part of the plan also states that data administrators are the ones responsible to implement procedures for critical backup of data and how long the recovery time would be which is set by the data stewards and other stockholders. 10. 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Electronic Record Case Study Information Technology For...

Electronic Record Case Study In 2009, congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which included the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), (McGonigle Garver Mastrian, 2015). The purpose was to encourage health providers and organizations to implement meaningful use of the electronic health record (EHR). The first stage focuses on meaningful use criteria for the capture and sharing of data. The second stage advances health information exchange and implements greater patient control over data, while the third stage, proposes improving outcomes for populations and individuals and launching patient self-management tools, (McGonigle Garver Mastrian, 2015). Although the implementation of the EHR has received mixed reviews, there are four common benefits noted: an increase in the delivery of guideline based care, in surveillance and monitoring of disease control, an overall reduction in medication errors, and a decrease in the use of care (McGonigle Garver Mast rian, 2015). Without the use of the EHR, it would be very difficult to achieve these benefits. Case Study Part I Differences The primary purpose of the EHR is to emphasize total health of the patient, to encompass a broad view of the patient’s care, and enhance the ability to share information with other health providers. 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The Legal Drinking Age Of The United States - 1783 Words

Persuasive-Research Essay The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First thing is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another thing is drinking at a younger age can help teach culture. Lastly the more alcohol exposed the increase in death rate. I believe that it is a good idea to keep the legal drinking age at age 21 because in our past we have had many problems with death increases due to the drinking age being at different ages and the research used uses pathos, logos, ethos and Kairos to help persuade the reader support that 21 should stay the legal drinking age. First off, the reason the drinking age is 21 is because the United States MAAD program wants to make sure a teen’s brain develops to maturity in order for them to be able to drink alcohol. The argument that congress had in the 70’s was, â€Å"If young Americans could be entrusted to vote, serve on a jury and fight in Vietnam, why couldn t they order a beer?†(Griggs) If Americans are allowed to vote, fight in the wars and serve on jury all at the age of 18 what is the difference in them being able to go out and buy some alcohol. This side of an the argument is using ethos to help convince people thatShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore when they went out drinking. It is a common fact that most teenagers have had a drink of alcohol before their twenty-first birthday. Most teenagers drink regularly or in some cases, binge drink. Nobody can prevent underage drinking. When people tell a teenagers they canno t have something, it inclines them to want it even more and teenagers will go to extreme lengths to obtain it. In 1984, Congress passed the law stating the legal drinking age in the United States was twenty-one (Alcoholism)Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, when a man or women turn eighteen they are considered an adult. Being eighteen, they are not acknowledged as teenagers anymore. They have more freedom and more opportunities to become independent. Some of the opportunities an eighteen years old are given are the right to vote, open bank accounts, lease their own apartment or join the military. They have equal opportunities like adults over the age of twenty-one. However, anyone between the age of eighteen through twenty areRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1270 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the world, the age when a child becomes an adult is at the age 18. Most people gain the right to vote, start to work for themselves, drive in certain countries. All of this being said, an additional privilege is the ability for one to be able to legally drink. The United States is one of the only countries who ´s legal drinking age is separate from the declared age of an official adult under the law. The idea of putting restrictions on a â€Å"legal† adult, makes the issue more complicatedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Legal Drinking Age The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is, â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First issue is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another concern is that drinking at a younger age can help teachRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wage naar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States920 Words   |  4 Pages The legal drinking age has always been a debatable topic that people argue about all the time. Alcohol has been a drug problem for the majority of our young adults all around the world. The goal is to decrease the effects of underage drinking In the United States by keeping the legal drinking law 21. Every state had the right to their own legal drinking age, therefore during the 1970 1980’s some states had 21 while others had 18. This problem was carried over when teenagers got behindRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1345 Words   |  6 PagesWith food, there comes a variety of cultural differences with beverages. One of the most popular drink markets in the United States is energy drinks. This industry has grown significantly in the past ten years, and many of the companie s are household names, such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar Energy. While they have mainstream success in the United States, many countries look down on these products because of their use of certain supplements, such as excess amounts of caffeine of taurine. SomeRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age For The United States Government Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple policies that should be taken into high consideration for the United States government. However, one specific topic that needs to be addressed is the legal drinking age. As of now, the legal drinking age in America is 21. To some residents, this law is considerably reasonable. To others, having the drinking age of 21 seems unnecessary for multiple reasons. Most people would agree that having the current drinking age allows for more responsible teens and young adults. Yet in most cases, thisRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age At The United States Of America1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal age to drink alcoholic bever ages in the United States of America. Some otherwise intelligent people want to lower the legal drinking age to eighteen rather than keep it at twenty-one, the current federally mandated drinking age. In Time Magazine Mary Cary, author of Time to Lower the Drinking Age, puts forth the position that lowering the drinking age would actually be beneficial to society. Though lowering the drinking age to eighteen may lead to solutions to underage drinking, many

Learning and Memory Free Essays

string(24) " is acquired by memory\." Learning and Memory Jessica A. Rountree, Brenda Bejar, Lisa Jackson, Derek Delarge PSY340 November 14, 2011 Dr. April Colett Learning and Memory On the surface learning and memory are connected easily. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now When an individual learns to walk, they retain the information in the memory. The learning process is something that happens every day. As human beings we are programmed to learn life lessons, and retain them in our memory. The memory keeps pictures, smells, experiences, and tastes for us to learn how to live our lives. Learning is the experiences we have, and memory stores this information (Pinel, 2009). It is as simple as that. However, researchers have found how the brain functions while retaining memory. A closer look into learning and memory one find’s it is not quite that simple. The brain, although protected by the skull, is a fragile organ. A blood clot, a blow to the head, or drug use can damage the brain enough that learning is stunted, and memory does not exist. For an individual who cannot remember 20 years of their life due to a car accident is going to experience psychological damage as well. It is not just the absence of memory itself, but the fear as well. Learning and memory are something that the majority of individuals take for granted. There are those that can learn, yet not retain memory. Amnesia patients often can retain motor skills, a learned skill, however, cannot recall memories. Memory and learning deficits affect an individual to life’s core. Depending on what type of deficit is occurring learning and memory may not be related. Retaining the ability to walk means learning is still in place, however not knowing what you had for breakfast is memory. Knowing how to eat is a learned response to feeling hungry. The mind works the knowledge presented to it. Whether that knowledge is carried properly thought the process of the brain is a different story. An individual can experience death so many times they learn it is a part of life. However, it is the memory that betrays us. Learned information leads to memories. Long-term potentiation (LTP) shows facilitation of synaptic transmissions following an electrical stimulation at a high frequency. This study was done mostly on rat hippocampus. The hippocampus is where the process of learning and memory take place. During research on rats it was found that the co-occurrence of firing presynaptic and postsynaptic cells must fire at the same time to induce LTP (Pinel, 2009). Hebb’s postulate for learning is the assumption this co-occurrence is physiologically necessary for learning and memory. He states the axon of cell A nears cell B and excites it. This closeness talks part in firing. Growth processes or metabolic changes take place in both cells (Pinel, 2009). Even to the smallest molecule learning and memory are intertwined with one another. Misfires of these cells can cause poor learning and retention. Researchers would not know the extent of the unique relationship between learning and memory if not for the rat experiments. What makes learning possible is also what makes memory possible. The neurons take information to the hippocampus where it is divided, processed and stored. In Pavlov’s conditioning experiment, he learned that a conditioned response can be created from memory (Pinel, 2009). Given the limits on information processing capacity, the specific details encoded and retrieved in memory come at the expense of other details. Comparing the types of details and processes that individuals from one culture prioritize over others offers insight into the type of information given priority in cognition, perhaps reflecting broader cultural values. The properties of memories and the types of memory errors people commit offer a window into the organization of memory. In terms of types of memory errors, if people falsely remember conceptually related, but not phonologically related items, it suggests that the meaning of the information is critical to the organization of memory, whereas phonological information is not (Chan et al. 2005). Information can be encoded not only in terms of its precise properties (e. g. , remembering the unique perceptual features of an item) but also in terms of its gist, or general thematic properties (e. g. , a category or verbal label). One example of highly specific memory representation comes from the literature on priming. Priming occurs when prior experience with an item facilitat es a response. Its effects are implicit: they do not rely on conscious recollection the item encountered previously. Although people respond to different examples of the same item (e. g. , a different picture of a cat) more quickly than to unrelated items, suggesting facilitation from prior exposure to a related item, the benefit is smaller than it is for a repeated presentation of the original item (Koutstaal et al. , 2001). The functions of the brain are well known for the control of the functional memory and learning and how the two have become interdependent. When individuals begin to stimulate the memory is when the learning occurs. Stimulating learning incites memory. With the knowledge at the center of the attention, it is imperative to stimulate the brain through lifelong learning so that one can start to achieve longevity and quality of life (Khorashadi, 2010). The brain is the organ is responsible for what we refer to as the mind. The basics of the mind are feeling, thinking, wanting, learning, behavior and memory. Memory is the fundamental mental process of the brain. If  as  humans if we  not have memory then we are  capable of simple reflexes and stereotyped behaviors. There are two different types of memory the declarative memory and the non-declarative memory. The examples of a declarative memory are semantic memory, which is the general memory, and the episodic memory, which is the detailed memory. Then the non-declarative memory is the skilled learning, priming and conditioning. Memory and learning are the most studied subjects within the field of neuroscience. Memory is a behavioral change caused by experiences, and learning is a process that is acquired by memory. You read "Learning and Memory" in category "Learning" Memory makes it possible to obtain pervious learning skills. There are different types of  memory along with learning. Memory has temporal stages; short, intermediate, and long. The successive processes capture, store and retrieve information within the brain. There are different parts of the brain that process different aspects of the memory. It is known that a patient that suffers from amnesia will become memory impaired. With the two types of amnesia retrograde and anterograde the loss or inability to form memories will occur. With learning there are also different types the non-associative learning associative learning. These different types of non-associative are known as the habituation, which is a decreased response to repeated presentation of a stimulus. The distribution that is the restoration of a response amplitude after habituation. Then there is the sensitization that increases responses to most stimuli. There is also the associative learning that involves the relations between events. Classical conditioning is the neutral stimulus paired with another stimulus that elicits a response. The instrumental or operant conditioning is association is made between the behavior and the consequences of one’s behavior (Okano, 2000). Learning and memory are interchangeable processes that rely on each other. When memory-related neurons fire in sync with certain brain waves memories last. Theta oscillations are known to be involved in memory formation, and previous studies have identified correlations between memory strength and the activity of certain neurons, but the relationships between these events have not been understood. Research shows that when memory-related neurons are well coordinated to theta waves during the learning process, memories are stronger. When memory-related neurons in the brain fire in sync with certain brain waves, the resulting image recognition and memories are stronger, than if this synchronization does not occur (CSMC, 2010). In society, he or she widely accepted the necessity to be a lifelong learner if one is to thrive in today’s rapidly changing, economy, and technologically global society. Today’s economy ushers in adjustments and transitional challenges at several levels, and lifelong learning viewed as the vehicle that will empower individuals to meet and adapt to the challenges of today’s technological society according to (Jarvis, 1992). Too often today the knowledge and skills obtained from previous life experiences has become insufficient to respond to technological and economy question of today. The lack of accord that lies between an individual’s external world, and internal biographies that has been gathering over one’s lifetime, is a point of disjuncture. This is the point in one’s life that ushers in and ideal time, and condition for higher learning (Jarvis, 1992). A decision an individual must make at this point with a response to this disjuncture. An individual must decide to further their education to keep up with technology, or proceed with life as normal. With the ever-changing world of technology today it is only a matter of time before the point of disjuncture becomes inevitable. The traditional theory of the human brain was that it was a fixed and limited system, and it would develop its potential at the younger years of life. The theories insist that neurons were finite and could not regenerate. The contrast with the animal research has proven that new brain cells can be born in the hippocampus region responsible for new learning and memory. With this revelation the individual pursuit of activities that will foster brain health by developing neuron connections that underlie learning and experiences. Learning is imperative to human, and brain health. It is also imperative to quality of life. Today intuitions have financial incentives for people to continue lifelong learning has become a part of several health care programs. It is imperative that older Americans understand that learning is a healthy activity, not only for the brain, but for physical, emotional, and Spiritual, conditions as people age. . The learning and memory process is more delicate than individuals believe. However, the brain is an organ that can be exercised. It is important to remember to try to learn new things, and keep the brain moving. The brain and the mind are connected physically, and metaphysically. In order for the mind to be at ease, the brain has to function normally. Without normal brain function, an individual can experience depression. This depression can cause a slowing of the firing process causing false memories. The biological function of learning and memory are connected with one another in a delicate balance of connectivity. An electric charge between one neuron and another incites learning, and readies the memory. Perspective can change our learning process. An individual tends to learn something that interests them, rather than something that does not. The interest in the activity sends a stronger signal to the brain. This strong electric current incites the learning process, which makes memorizing the task much easier. This is why it is a strong belief that learning and memory are created by cells becoming close enough to respond to each other. An interest jump-starts this process. A healthy mind achieved through learning can reduce the affects of Alzheimer’s patients. More proof that as long as the brain is stimulated learning and memory can still take place. Reference Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (2010, March 24). When memory-related neurons fire in sync with certain brain waves, memories last. Retrieved November 14, 2011 from http://www. brandeis. edu/gutchess/publications/Gutchess_Indeck. pdf Chan, J. C. , McDermott, K. B. , Watson, J. M. , Gallo, D. A. (2005). The importance of material-processing interactions in inducing false memories. Memory Cognition, 33, 389–395. Jarvis, P (1912) Paradox of learning on becoming and individual in society. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publisher. Khorashadi, M. (2010). Differential effects of estrogen on memory processes and learning strategies: A selective review of animal studies. Mcgill Science Undergraduate Research Journal, 5(1), 24-29 Koutstaal, W. , Wagner, A. D. , Rotte, M. , Maril, A. , Buckner, Okano, H. (2000). Pnas. Retrieved from http://www. pnas. org/content/97/23/12403. full http://www. pnas. org/content/97/23/12403. full Pinel, J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. R. L. , Schacter, D. L. (2001). Perceptual specificity invisual object priming: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cortex. Neuropsychologia, 39, 184–199. How to cite Learning and Memory, Essays Learning and memory Free Essays The goals of the course are to provide students with foundational knowledge in behave viral neuroscience which includes contemporary theoretical issues and research methods, to encourage studs nuts to think now, and into the future, about the role of the nervous system in all psychological processes, to beg in to develop the ability to read and interpret original research articles in behavioral neuroscience and to practice CE writing skills. Lectures: Regular attendance at lectures is required. Textbook reading assignments are meant o provide additional breadth and background for the material discussed in lecture. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is assumed that the assigned readings will be completed before class. Exams: Your comprehension of the lecture and reading materials will be assessed by 3 exam s and a final exam. Exams will be in multiple choice format. Together they will comprise 75% of the final grade. The final exam will be given on FRIDAY 12/11/2009 from 8:00 – 11:00 AM. This is the only time the final exam will be given. Exemptions from taking the exam at the scheduled time will only be gar need under college and university exceptions (e. G. , no more than three exams in one day), or to students who have serious illness or family emergencies. Therefore, please plan accordingly. Article Summaries: One goal of the course is to build foundational knowledge in behavioral neuroscience , including contemporary theoretical issues and research methods. While we will discuss the results of many r search studies, we will also read and discuss original research articles in order to give you a fuller appreciation f or the theoretical issues and search methods. You will be required to read each article and to write a brief (no more than one page) narrative summarizing the article. The articles will be available via Blackboard and w ill be announced in class and on Blackboard. Grades on summary papers comprise 10% of your final grade. Neuroscience in the Media Paper: Another goal of the course is to encourage students to think now, and into the future, about the role of nervous system in all psychological processes. To encourage such broader thinking, each SST dent will be required to iscuss an example of â€Å"physiology in the media† (movies, television, music, magazine nest, newsprint, etc). This term paper will discuss and critique an example of physiology in the media with r preference to original scholarly research articles on the topic. The Media Watch paper will comprise 15% of the final grade and is due on December 4th 2009. To facilitate the Neuroscience in the Media paper project, a b rife description of the media example that will be the basis for your paper is due on October 7th and a bill graphs of original research articles for the topic is due on November 6th. How to cite Learning and memory, Essays

Social and Organizational Issues-.com

Question: Analyse the theoretical Concepts underpinning Social and Organisational barriers to Organisational Creativity and Innovation. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide a brief overview about the social and organizational barriers which the management of an organization face while conducting creative activities in their business process. Creativity and innovation are the tools which help an organization in achieving competence in the target market but it is not easy for the organizations to adopt such tools in their business process (Jain 2014). So, the aim of this report to tell about the issues which an organization face while initiating human resource development, creative leadership, creativity and innovation etc. activities. Further it also tells about the models used in the organization to promote the use of such tools in the organization of increasing its efficiencies. Further the latter part of the report includes the climate of the organization in implementing such activities and recommendations for the organizations to improve themselves. More details about the task are discussed below: Social and organizational barriers to organizational creativity and innovation Before initiating the creativity and innovation, it is very important to understand the meaning and importance of creativity and innovation in an organization. Creativity refers the art of creating something new by doing the regular activities business process. And innovation refers to the process of exploiting the creative ideas and creating a new and different way of doing things. In the growing competition, it has become very important for the organization to initiate innovation and creativity in their business so as to gain the competitive edge (Sieczka 2011). But it is not easy for the organizations to make use of such tools irrespective of their size. For large scale organization it is difficult for them to initiate such big change in their business process quickly whereas for a small scale organization, it is risky for them to make use of innovation and creativity in their business. Further other social and organizational and barriers are discussed below: Lack of motivation and trust: It is one of the biggest organizational issue that in order to implement a new business activity, the managers firstly need to take the employees under their confidence then only then can start the process efficiently. But, many times the employees do not trust and support the activities of the leaders of the resulting in failure of the innovation. Teamwork and employee participation is very necessary to achieve success. If the employees are not motivated enough then neither they will provide new ideas to the management nor will they flexibly adopt such techniques (Siedlok, and Hibbert 2014). Criticism: criticism a negative approach to every task. Also it is not easy for the management of the organization bar criticism while conducting new and innovative business activities. With this process they lose their confidence which results in failure of the approach. Also criticism is the killer of creative thinking (Nasurdin, Ahmad, and Ling 2015). Conservatism and authoritarian management: even the middle managers of the organization maintain the status quo and conflict in case of changes occurs in the principles of the organization. They believe that they might lose their authority and power with the use of creativity and innovation in the organization. Resulting to which, they become rigid towards making such changes in the organization process (Naranjo-Valencia, Jimnez-Jimnez, and Sanz-Valle 2016). Climate for innovation, creativity, leadership and HRM/D in an organization It is very important for the organization develop a positive climate in their workplace so as to promote creativity and innovation. In any organization change can only occur if the people connected to it are positive enough to make such change otherwise its effectiveness would not show in the organizational process. Further in order to implement creativity and innovation in the regular activities of the business, firstly the employees need to trust o the instincts of thee leader and follow the path which he suggests. In this way they can promote such activities in the organization (Kuratko, Covin, and Hornsby 2014). Also the leader of the organization also needs to make use of creative leadership kills in their course of action so as to develop creativity in workplace. Creative leadership skills can be utilized in an organization by implementing the transformational leadership in workplace. Transformational leadership model helps the leaders to analyses the need of the employees and organization and develop and mission accordingly and work on them innovatively (Eskiler, et. al., 2016). Under this process the leader utilizes creativity and innovative skills to provide better satisfaction to employees, reach the target and gain the competitive edge as well. Climate for innovation in an organization is directly associated with innovative work behavior of the employees. And innovative work behavior is positively connected with the organizational performance and organizational performance is dependent on the human resource of the organization (Bedford 2013). Positive human resource in the organization adequately supports the growth of innovation and creativity in the organization and vice versa. If the human resource is not qualified enough to handle the innovation in the organization or is negatively influenced by some other source in the workplace; then it will become difficult for thee organization to sustain creativity in their business activity. Resulting to which, it is very important for the organization initiate human resource development. This framework helps in motivating and boosting up the employees and eliminating the negativities from the workplace. Further the human resource wheel helps the organization developing good workplace climate. Development is primary process of this framework, so with the help of this framework the organization develops the capability to adopt creativity and innovation in their regular activities (Audenaert, et. al., 2016). Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events it shall be noted that it is very important for the organizations to make use of the innovation and creativity in their business process so as to gain the competitive advantage in the target market. Innovation and creativity works similarly but they have difference in their working. Innovation refers to the process of creating a new product by using creativity in its process where as creativity refers to the process of applying creative ideas in regular business activity. Further it shall be noted that creative leadership is one of the major aspects with the help of business can initiate innovation in their practice. Creative leadership can be applied in the business with the use of transformational leadership process. Further human resource development plays a significant role in implementing creativity in the organization as this type of development help in increasing the thinking skills of the human resource by the process of traini ng and development (part of human resource wheel) and helping them adopt such techniques. Further the human resource wheel helps the workforce to become more efficient as well. The above mentioned report also states the social and organizational issues faced by the organization while conducting the innovative activities. By creating a positive climate all such problem can be resolved in the organization. Thus the report adequately justifies to all requirement mentioned in the task. Recommendation Thus, in order to promote and sustain the organizational creativity and innovation activities, the business shall make use of the below mentioned recommendations. Clear vision: If the organization will develop a clear vision on the basis of which they have to work and chive their target, then might become easy for them to make use of innovation and creativity in their business. As the business goal of the organization would only get achieved if the employees will make use of innovation, then in order to achieve the target the workforce will work on their skills and initiative innovative activities to accomplish their goals (D'Este, Rentocchini, and Vega-Jurado 2014). Collaboration: collaboration is the other word of team build, if good and efficient human resource are collaborated in the organization then there would be adequately flow of ideas and creativity resulting to which innovation will automatically happen. Thus, with the help of collaboration the organization can easily develop innovation and creativity in the organization (Seeck, and Diehl 2017). Communication: communication is the tool which helps the flow of ideas and creativity in the organization. In an organization if there is efficient communication then the employees will share their view and ideas resulting to which they would become more positive to make use of innovation to enhance their skills and help the organization to achieve their target as well (Nainman 2017). References Audenaert, M., Decramer, A., George, B., Verschuere, B. and Van Waeyenberg, T., 2016. When employee performance management affects individual innovation in public organizations: the role of consistency and LMX.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-20. Bedford, G. S., 2013. 5 ways to promote creativity in the workplace. Viewed on November 28, 2017 from https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/feature/small-business/tip-of-the-month-creativity.html D'Este, P., Rentocchini, F. and Vega-Jurado, J., 2014. The role of human capital in lowering the barriers to engaging in innovation: evidence from the Spanish innovation survey.Industry and Innovation,21(1), pp.1-19. Eskiler, E., Ekici, S., Soyer, F. and Sari, I., 2016. The relationship between organizational culture and innovative work behavior for sports services in tourism enterprises.Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research,69(1), pp.53-64. Jain, R., 2014. Innovation promotion strategies: A conceptual framework.South Asian Journal of Management,21(2), p.44. Kuratko, D.F., Covin, J.G. and Hornsby, J.S., 2014. Why implementing corporate innovation is so difficult.Business Horizons,57(5), pp.647-655. Nainman, L., 2017. 12 Ways to Enhance Creativity and Collaboration in Teams. Viewed on November 28, 2017 from https://www.creativityatwork.com/2008/05/15/12-ways-to-enhance-creativity-and-collaboration-in-teams/ Naranjo-Valencia, J.C., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. and Sanz-Valle, R., 2016. Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies.Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologa,48(1), pp.30-41. Nasurdin, A.M., Ahmad, N.H. and Ling, T.C., 2015, January. High performance human resource practices, identification with organizational values and goals, and service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: A review of literature and proposed model. InSHS Web of Conferences(Vol. 18). EDP Sciences. Seeck, H. and Diehl, M.R., 2017. A literature review on HRM and innovationtaking stock and future directions.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,28(6), pp.913-944. Sieczka., K, 2011. Cause and Effect: Barriers to Creativity and Innovation. Viewed on November 28, 2017 from https://www.trainingindustry.com/articles/strategy-alignment-and-planning/cause-and-effect-barriers-to-creativity-and-innovation/ Siedlok, F. and Hibbert, P., 2014. The organization of interdisciplinary research: Modes, drivers and barriers.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(2), pp.194-210.